一、閱讀應(yīng)試的基本方法步驟
閱讀基本方法有3種,一是略讀,二是精讀(scrutinizing),三是尋讀。略讀是一種快速閱讀方法,在非常短的時(shí)間內(nèi)瀏覽全文獲得文章的中心思想和主要事實(shí)。精讀則是仔細(xì)閱讀每句話,理解分析其含義,弄清句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系,進(jìn)而理解整個(gè)段落的意思。而尋讀則是通過(guò)目光掃視,迅速確定你所期望得到的信息的位置。考試中3種基本方法可以用在不同的情況。通過(guò)略讀,我們可以了解材料的結(jié)構(gòu)安排和主要信息,利用精讀我們可以針對(duì)考題中的某些信息或難點(diǎn)做具體細(xì)致的解析,而尋讀則在解題過(guò)程中起著一個(gè)定位的作用。
不少考生常常提出這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題:做閱讀理解題是先讀文章還是先讀后面的問(wèn)題呢?我們認(rèn)為,答案因人而異。英語(yǔ)水平較高,閱讀速度較快的考生可以先通讀短文,一邊閱讀一邊思考文章的主旨大意, 理解文章的細(xì)節(jié), 基本理解原文之后再看考題及選項(xiàng)并做出選擇,遇上個(gè)別無(wú)把握的題時(shí)再回頭查閱短文的相關(guān)部分,仔細(xì)推敲定奪,以求準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤得高分。但這種方法只適合那些有能力獲取優(yōu)異成績(jī)的考生,其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是對(duì)文章有一個(gè)總的概念和印象,缺點(diǎn)是,費(fèi)時(shí)間,對(duì)文章的細(xì)節(jié)記不清楚。對(duì)于大多數(shù)考生來(lái)說(shuō),考試的時(shí)間較為緊迫,我們建議使用以下幾個(gè)步驟:
步:略讀短文 把握方向
用盡量短的時(shí)間掃視短文,特別留意每段的句和最后一段的最后一句。因?yàn)楦鞫蔚闹黝}句往往在句首,而文章的最后一句很可能是概括總結(jié)。略讀的目的是掌握短文的主旨大意,做到對(duì)全文的內(nèi)容心中大致有數(shù),有一個(gè)思考的方向。
第二步:瀏覽問(wèn)題,有的放矢
瀏覽5個(gè)問(wèn)題,揣測(cè)出題者出此題的目的并側(cè)重閱讀短文相關(guān)部分。由于對(duì)所問(wèn)問(wèn)題及文章主旨都已有所了解,在閱讀時(shí)自然會(huì)知道哪些地方得細(xì)讀哪些地方可一帶而過(guò)甚至跳過(guò)不讀。所有問(wèn)題都是根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容提出的,基本反應(yīng)并覆蓋了文章內(nèi)容的主干。先閱讀問(wèn)題再閱讀全文,這種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是:可在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)有針對(duì)性地閱讀相關(guān)內(nèi)容,便于給相關(guān)問(wèn)題定位,有的放矢,事半功倍。
第三步:分析判斷 確定答案
在完成上面兩步的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)5個(gè)問(wèn)題逐一解答。需要注意的是:要是文章內(nèi)容涉及你所熟悉的題材和知識(shí)范疇,在選項(xiàng)時(shí)不能單憑自己的主觀判斷解決問(wèn)題。因?yàn)槲恼驴嫉氖悄銓?duì)該篇的閱讀理解能力,而不是你的某種知識(shí),因此選項(xiàng)不能脫離文章的題意。
對(duì)于英語(yǔ)水平相對(duì)較低,閱讀速度較慢的考生來(lái)說(shuō),我們建議不妨直接從第二步開(kāi)始:先瀏覽所有5道題的題目,對(duì)文章所涉及的內(nèi)容有個(gè)粗略的估計(jì)或了解,然后逐一解答。先尋讀文章的相關(guān)部分,然后選擇正確答案。如遇到有關(guān)文章主旨大意或需要推理的題,可先放一放,等做完其他題再做這類題。先難后易,各個(gè)擊破。
另外,在閱讀過(guò)程中,不妨在自己認(rèn)為比較重要的某些句子或詞語(yǔ)(主題句,關(guān)鍵詞)下面劃線,標(biāo)上符號(hào),這樣有助于突出重點(diǎn),活躍思維,同時(shí)也便于閱讀,節(jié)省時(shí)間,使閱讀更加積極。并且對(duì)于記憶力稍差的考生而言,記住幾個(gè)重要句子和信息要比記住全文容易得多了。所以,我們建議對(duì)閱讀文章中的主要句子和關(guān)鍵詞標(biāo)出記號(hào)并重點(diǎn)閱讀。
二、閱讀考試中碰到不認(rèn)識(shí)的生詞怎么辦?
考生最害怕在閱讀中碰到生詞,而在閱讀時(shí),遇到生僻的單詞是不可避免的。如果一見(jiàn)到生詞就不知所措,就必然會(huì)影響到對(duì)文章的理解。如果遇到這種情況,可以根據(jù)情況用不同的方法來(lái)解決問(wèn)題。要是不認(rèn)識(shí)的生詞對(duì)理解文章的關(guān)系不大,就可以跳過(guò)去不管它。譬如這樣一例:Some birds can swim on the water. A few, like the penguin and puffin, can also swim under water. 我們只需知道penguin 和puffin是兩種鳥(niǎo)就行了,不必將它們的具體名稱弄個(gè)一清二楚。
閱讀中經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到一些專有名詞(包括人名、地名、組織機(jī)構(gòu)名稱等),一般都可以不作計(jì)較,必要的時(shí)候,用X、Y的字母代替它們就行了。以2003年閱讀Text 4為例,文章出現(xiàn)了若干復(fù)雜的人名、職務(wù)名:Colorado governor Richard Lamm, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone, Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, C. Everett Koop,而且后面的提問(wèn)與其中的一個(gè)人有關(guān),我們分別記為Mr. L, Mr. R, Mr. O, Mr. K 即可,這樣便省去了不必要的糾纏。
當(dāng)然,如果遇到的生詞影響到了你對(duì)文章的理解,特別是作為考點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)在問(wèn)題里,就要試著根據(jù)上下文、構(gòu)詞法或從句中認(rèn)識(shí)的詞中去猜測(cè)生詞的意思,盡可能通過(guò)鄰近你所熟悉的詞的關(guān)系來(lái)了解該詞在句中的作用和詞義。如2003年閱讀Part B 中的"Anthropology"一詞,要求翻譯出來(lái)。雖說(shuō)超綱了,但根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法和上下文其含義已經(jīng)解釋得十分清楚:"Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." 由此我們得知 "Anthropology"一詞源于希臘詞語(yǔ)anthropos(人類)和 logos(…研究)。要是還沒(méi)有把握,再多看一句就更萬(wàn)無(wú)一失了:By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.(用這一名稱,“人類學(xué)”包括了對(duì)整個(gè)人類的研究。)
三、如何猜測(cè)不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞語(yǔ)?
在閱讀文章的過(guò)程中,考生面臨最大的問(wèn)題是遇到不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞或短語(yǔ),或者認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞在文章中有了新的含義。如果這些詞或短語(yǔ)不影響對(duì)文章主要內(nèi)容的理解,考生便可以將它們略過(guò),不中斷閱讀。如果這些詞語(yǔ)的意思對(duì)正確理解文章很重要,就必須根據(jù)上下文的聯(lián)系,根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法或其他方法對(duì)它們的意義進(jìn)行猜測(cè),使之不影響對(duì)整篇文章的理解。猜測(cè)詞義通?刹捎靡韵聨追N方法。
1. 利用上下文確定詞義
通過(guò)上下文來(lái)猜測(cè)詞意是閱讀考試中最常用的重要手段之一,聯(lián)系上下文可以幫助我們理解句子,確定詞義。下面我們通過(guò)一些實(shí)例來(lái)簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明如何通過(guò)上下文來(lái)確定詞義。
例1:He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy.
對(duì)于dynamic一詞大家可能不熟悉,下文的He seems to have unlimited energy…(他似乎有用不完的勁)就是對(duì) dynamic詞義的解釋。這樣,我們便知道該詞意為“有干勁的”。
例2:Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.
假定sociology是一個(gè)不認(rèn)識(shí)的詞,系動(dòng)詞be后面就給出了明確的定義。這樣,我們便知道該詞意思為“社會(huì)學(xué)”。
例3:A first-year college or university student is commonly a 'freshman', and ‘sophomore’, 'junior’ and 'senior' des?ignate the second—third—and fourth—year student.
要是對(duì)sophomore, junior 和senior幾個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)不熟悉,通過(guò)后面的對(duì)應(yīng)解釋詞語(yǔ)the second—third—and fourth—year student我們便不難知道它們分別是指二、三、四年級(jí)的大學(xué)生。
例4:The tired soldiers trudged through knee-deep mud for hours before they found a dry place to sleep.
通過(guò)后面的through knee-deep mud(沒(méi)膝深的泥漿),我們知道trudged一詞的意思為與行走這一動(dòng)作有關(guān),在泥漿中行走,也就是“跋涉”。
例5:When it comes to manufactured goods there is actually more diversity in this country than Europe has ever known. The variety of goods carried by our stores is the first thing that impresses any visitor from abroad.
第二句中的variety與句中的diversity 同義,這樣,我們便不難知道diversity的大意是“種類”或“品種”。
下面我們聯(lián)系上下文,試確定以下各句中斜體字的含義。
1. The woman and the children were skilful in boats too, but there were usually several of them in a large boat called umiak.
2. The doctor said that if a person ate even one leaf of the hemlock plant, he would die, because the plant is a deadly poison.
3. Although dogs and cats often have large families, rabbits are famous for the size of their litters, which sometimes number more than twelve bunnies at one time.
4. Mark became hysterical when his basketball team won, and he did not calm down for several days.
5. With mud from head to toe, flowers still clutched in his hand, John looked so ludicrous that we couldn’t help laughing.
6. A bee collects nectar not in its own stomach but in a kind of shopping bag (called the honey sac) similar to the one ants have.
7. Several generations ago, the world seemed to run in an or-derly way. now, however, everything is in a state of (tur-moil)
8. After the first time someone tried to rob him, the banker be?came flustered easily, and in his confusion he would make many careless errors.
9. Jane was intrigued by the behavior of animals; she could sit for hours observing a bird making a nest or an ant carrying a leaf.
10. Some chimps are very independent and appear to be the superior members of a group; others seem to be ruled by the leaders and are quite submissive.
通過(guò)上串下聯(lián),我們不難確定上述各句中斜體字的含義如下:
1. umiak n. 一種大船
2. hemlock n. 一種有毒植物(毒芹)
3. litter n.一窩 bunnies小兔子
4. hysterical a.歇斯底里,異常興奮
5. ludicrous a..滑稽可笑的
6. nectar n.花蜜 honey sac蜜胃
7. tur-moil n.混亂
8. flustered a.慌亂的
9. intrigued a.感興趣
10. submissive a.順從的
2. 利用構(gòu)詞法確定詞義
通過(guò)觀察構(gòu)詞部分,分析辨認(rèn)單詞,是提高閱讀速度的技巧之一。一方面,讀者不必停下來(lái)查詞典,繼續(xù)往下讀;另一方面,也大大增加了讀者的詞匯量,讀者通過(guò)已知詞綴(包括前綴和后綴)和已知詞根就能很好地猜出生詞的含義。
例1:Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy 是由chemo(意為chemical)和therapy (意為treatment),整個(gè)單詞意思就是“化學(xué)療法”。
例2:They overestimate the interviewee’s ability and asked turn many difficult questions.
overestimate =over (過(guò)分、過(guò)度)+estimate (估計(jì))。因此overestimate的詞義可猜測(cè)為“過(guò)高估計(jì)”。
例3:The murderer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelled when mixed with food. Because it was imperceptible, he was able to murder a number of people without being caught.
句中的imperceptible 一詞由前綴im-(非,不)+詞根percept(感知、覺(jué)察)+后綴 -ible(能……的)構(gòu)成。幾部分組合在一起,也就是“難以覺(jué)察的”之意。
例4:Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003考研英語(yǔ)第62題)
其中的dispassioned為超綱詞,我們可根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法dis + passion + ed知其大概意思:除掉激情的,也即是“冷靜的”。
3. 利用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)確定詞義
在很多情況下,各種語(yǔ)法知識(shí)可以幫助我們來(lái)判斷詞性、詞義。
例1:This set of books is for children. The first book of the sequence, which is one of the most popular series of children’s stories, is a group of stories about the inhabitants of a village.
假定我們不認(rèn)識(shí)sequence,利用定語(yǔ)從句which is one of the most popular series of children’s stories, 其中series就與sequence 同義,也就是“叢書(shū)”的意思。
例2:For their fishing and hunting the men used a kayak, a small boat for one person.
利用同位語(yǔ)a small boat for one person我們知道kayak是一種單人小船。
例3:A solar eclipse—when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun—in an unusual and interesting phenomenon that occurs rarely.
通過(guò)破折號(hào)解釋我們知道solar eclipse為“日食”。
例4:Ventilation, as we know, is a system or means of provid?ing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.
通過(guò)后面的解釋我們知道Ventilation為“通風(fēng),流通空氣”之意。
例5:The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patient’s heartbeat and breathing.
Stethoscope一詞大家都不熟悉,通過(guò)后面的同位語(yǔ)解釋an instrument for listening to a patient’s heartbeat and breathing,我們便能理解stethoscope的確切詞義,即“聽(tīng)診器”或“聽(tīng)筒”的意思。
4. 根據(jù)同義、反義關(guān)系確定詞義
閱讀中,特別是要注意表示反意的信號(hào)詞:in contrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet, although, while, unlike, but, whereas, as opposed to等,利用這些同義、反義關(guān)系,可以幫助我們確定詞義。
例1:My sister Mane is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen.
從while的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系可知optimist意思是“one who expects the best’’, 即“樂(lè)觀的”。
例2:Mother was tall, fat, and middle aged. The principal of the school was an older woman, almost as plump as Mother, and much shorter.
根據(jù)Mother was tall, fat 以及后面as plump as的同義關(guān)系,我們知道plump為“豐滿的”之意。
例3:Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stories, but her mother always knew when she was lying.
concoct一詞大家不熟悉,根據(jù)but的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系我們知道在此句中與was lying的含義大體相同,由此可知concoct的大概意思是“編造謊話”。
例4:A gorilla always makes me think of the word aloof—not friendly, of distance from others.
假定我們不認(rèn)識(shí)aloof一詞,破折號(hào)后的反義關(guān)系:“不友好,冷漠” 就解釋了aloof一詞的含義。
5. 利用邏輯推理和常識(shí)確定詞義
有時(shí)候,邏輯推理和自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及普通常識(shí)能幫助我們確定詞義。
例1:Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen.
憑常識(shí)我們不難猜出fins, slimy和scales的確切意思分別是“鰭”、“滑溜的”和“鱗”,對(duì)于eels一詞,我們只需知道是fish的一種(鱔魚(yú)類)就行了。
例2:Not wanting to disturb the sleeping kitten, I gingerly lifted her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater.
根據(jù)前半句的Not wanting to disturb(不愿打擾),我們便可大致推測(cè)出gingerly一詞的含義:“小心翼翼地”。
例3:A mercury thermometer is made of a glass tube with a bulb at one end.
憑常識(shí)我們知道溫度計(jì)下面的bulb是“水銀球”。
例4:Most troubles can be avoided, but death and taxes are in?evitable.
憑常識(shí)我們知道死亡和稅收是不可避免的(in?evitable)事情。
想要報(bào)考MBA的同學(xué)可登陸育路MBA院校庫(kù)(http://m.yong-jie.cn/mba/school/)查詢招生信息,并且可測(cè)試提前面試錄取幾率,也可添加老師微信(xyy558609)直接咨詢。
相關(guān)推薦:
全國(guó)MBA院校招生信息、學(xué)費(fèi)查詢?nèi)肟?/span>
全國(guó)MBA院校學(xué)費(fèi)匯總對(duì)比表(2017-2018年)
全國(guó)各大院校2018年MBA招生活動(dòng)匯總
特別聲明:①凡本網(wǎng)注明稿件來(lái)源為"原創(chuàng)"的,轉(zhuǎn)載必須注明"稿件來(lái)源:育路網(wǎng)",違者將依法追究責(zé)任;
②部分稿件來(lái)源于網(wǎng)絡(luò),如有侵權(quán),請(qǐng)聯(lián)系我們溝通解決。
英語(yǔ)是在職MBA必考科目之一,在基礎(chǔ)復(fù)習(xí)階段你該怎么備考呢?
評(píng)論0
“無(wú)需登錄,可直接評(píng)論...”